Homophobia is an irrational dislike or prejudice against individuals attracted to the same or similar sex, affecting those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. This prejudice can manifest as bullying, harassment, discrimination, and violence.

Being queer is entirely normal, and same-sex relationships have been documented in ancient societies worldwide. Despite this, homophobia persists and remains prevalent today. In Australia, for instance, 61% of young LGBTQIA+ people report experiencing verbal homophobic abuse. Such experiences can lead to feelings of distress, anger, confusion, and isolation. No one should have to endure homophobia, whether at school, work, or home.

Various factors contribute to the persistence of homophobia. Colonial histories have played a significant role, as colonisers often imposed monogamous, heterosexual norms as the standard. Additionally, certain religious beliefs oppose same-sex relationships. Other contributing factors include fear of the unknown, lack of education, narrow-minded attitudes, and internalised homophobia.

What about biphobia and transphobia?

Biphobia is a form of homophobia directed specifically at bisexual people. Transphobia, on the other hand, involves discrimination against transgender, nonbinary, and gender non-conforming people. While it shares some similarities with homophobia, transphobia represents a distinct form of oppression. Learn more about transphobia here.

Understanding heterosexism 

Heterosexism is linked to homophobia but operates on a systemic level, where society prioritises heterosexual people. It is based on the false belief that being heterosexual is the ‘right’, ‘natural’, or ‘superior’ sexual orientation, labelling non-heterosexual identities as ‘abnormal’ or ‘strange’.

This belief stems from heteronormativity—the assumption that everyone is heterosexual and that it’s the dominant and correct way to be. Heterosexism manifests in various social, cultural, and political aspects of life. A typical example is when someone assumes a woman or femme-presenting person must have a boyfriend, automatically presuming heterosexuality as the norm.

The impacts of heterosexism are profound, influencing numerous life areas. In healthcare, for instance, LGBQIA+ individuals may receive inadequate care due to a focus on heterosexual needs. It also pervades laws, housing, and marriage, deeply affecting the lives of non-heterosexual people.

Understanding Homophobia and Its Impact

Homophobia manifests in several harmful ways, these can include:

Internalised Homophobia: this occurs when LGBQ+ people absorb negative societal attitudes towards their sexuality. This can lead to self-denial, low self-esteem, and harmful behaviours. If you’re feeling negative about your LGBQ+ identity, you might be dealing with internalised homophobia. It’s tough because it stems from societal pressures and media portrayals, but addressing these feelings is crucial for embracing your true self. Having a supportive network is essential, and remember, help is available if you’re struggling.

Interpersonal Homophobia: this happens in personal interactions, leading to discrimination or oppression based on actual or perceived sexual orientation. Examples include exclusion from groups, enduring insults, and homophobic jokes. It can occur anywhere, from school and work to home and public spaces. For more information check out this article on Healthline.

Institutional Homophobia: this involves discriminatory policies or practices by organisations such as governments, businesses, or churches. This might include restrictive laws, barriers to career progression, or workplace discrimination based on someone’s sexual orientation. It enforces negative standards and limits LGBQ+ rights and opportunities.

Cultural Homophobia: this arises from cultural norms and media that perpetuate stereotypes viewing LGBQ+ people as inferior. It’s evident in language and media portrayals, primarily showcasing heterosexual couples. Cultural homophobia is expressed through the language and words we use, with words like “gay”, “fag”, “lezzo”, “dyke” or “poof” to insult, ridicule or hurt people or groups of people. Cultural homophobia can also take a more subtle form, for example, the stereotype that LGBQ+ individuals are overly vocal about rights like same-sex marriage or discomfort with public affection between same-sex couples. 

Understanding these forms of homophobia helps us support each other and foster a more inclusive society. Your feelings are valid, and support is always available if you face any form of homophobia.

Understanding Homophobic Harassment

Many LGBQ+ people encounter varying levels and forms of harassment due to their sexual orientation. Homophobic harassment includes any behaviour intended to intimidate, humiliate, insult, exclude, silence, or harm someone based on their sexual orientation or perceived sexual identity.

Effects of Homophobic Harassment

This type of harassment can occur in various social environments and carries severe repercussions for individuals and society. In Australia, high rates of homophobic harassment significantly impact the mental health and well-being of LGBQ+ people. A study conducted by LGBTIQ+ Health Australia found that 63.8% of LGBT+ youths aged 14 to 21 reported having been diagnosed with a mental health condition. Victims may suffer from depression, and anxiety, and feel isolated from family and friends, prompting many to alter their daily behaviour to avoid abuse and discrimination.

Dealing with Homophobia

Homophobia strips people of their fundamental human rights, including the right to freely express their sexual identity without discrimination or harassment. No one deserves to be harassed or abused due to their sexuality or gender.

Dealing with homophobia at home can be particularly tough when it involves family or loved ones. If possible, try to educate your family and find common ground. However, remember that your safety and well-being should always be the priority. If the situation at home becomes too difficult, consider talking to someone who can provide support. Should it escalate to violence or if you feel at risk, it’s a good idea to chat with someone else who can support you. If things get violent or you feel like you’re at risk, you might need to seek alternative safe housing or stay with friends while you figure things out. 

If you, or someone you know is experiencing homophobic harassment, there are resources available to help you take personal or legal action. Youth Central has some helpful information about same-sex attraction and dealing with discrimination and harassment. Whether you identify as gay, bisexual, lesbian, or queer, you can help take action against homophobic harassment and promote the rights of all individuals to express their sexuality. 

Where can I get support?

If you or someone you know is facing homophobic harassment, reaching out for support can be really helpful. Consider sharing your feelings with a trusted friend, family member, or a school counsellor who can offer you the understanding you need. You can also check out our full list of support services to access free and confidential mental health support.

Additional support for LGBTQIA+ folk is available through:

• QLife provides anonymous and free LGBTQIA+ peer support and referral for people wanting to talk about a range of issues including sexuality, identity, gender, bodies, feelings, or relationships
  

• Switchboard provides information, support, and referral services for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people of Victoria and Tasmania. 

• Minus18 provides resources and insightful information on gender and sexuality to help you navigate your experience.